本文共 33112 字，大约阅读时间需要 110 分钟。
worker_processes = CPU 数量
user www;worker_processes 1;error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
自定义缓冲区相关设置
client_body_buffer_size 1K;client_header_buffer_size 1k;client_max_body_size 1k;large_client_header_buffers 2 1k;
超时相关设置
client_body_timeout 10;client_header_timeout 10;keepalive_timeout 65;send_timeout 10;
events { worker_connections 4096;} gzip on;gzip_min_length 1000;gzip_buffers 4 8k;gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript application/xml;gzip on;gzip_http_version 1.0;gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6].";gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css text/javascript;
gzip_types 压缩类型
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/javascript text/javascript application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss application/json;
text/html 是 gzip_types 默认值，所以不要将text/html加入到gzip_types
测试，验证 gzip 正常工作
neo@netkiller:~/workspace$ curl -s -I -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate' http://img.netkiller.cn/js/react.js | grep gzipContent-Encoding: gzip
如果提示 Content-Encoding: gzip 便是配置正确
不仅仅只能压缩html,js,css还能压缩json
neo@netkiller:~$ curl -s -I -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate' http://inf.netkiller.cn/list/json/2.jsonHTTP/1.1 200 OKServer: nginxDate: Thu, 15 Dec 2016 03:36:31 GMTContent-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8Connection: keep-aliveCache-Control: max-age=60Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type,OriginAccess-Control-Allow-Methods: GET,OPTIONSContent-Encoding: gzip
配置 gzip_proxied any; 后CDN才能识别 gzip
server_tokens off; gzip on; gzip_types text/plain text/css application/javascript text/javascript application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss application/json; gzip_proxied any;
隐藏nginx版本号
http {...server_tokens off;...} http { ssi on;}location / { ssi on; ssi_silent_errors on; ssi_types text/shtml;} ssi on;ssi_silent_errors on;ssi_types text/shtml;ssi_value_length 256;server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;client_header_buffer_size 32k;large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;client_max_body_size 8m;
ssi_silent_errors 默认值是off，开启后在处理SSI文件出错时不输出错误提示:"[an error occurred while processing the directive] "
ssi_types 默认是ssi_types text/html，如果需要shtml支持，则需要设置：ssi_types text/shtml
ssi_value_length 默认值是 256，用于定义SSI参数的长度。
绑定IP地址
listen 80; 相当于0.0.0.0:80监听所有接口上的IP地址listen 192.168.0.1 80;listen 192.168.0.1:80;
配置默认主机 default_server
server { listen 80; server_name acc.example.net; ...}server { listen 80 default_server; server_name www.example.org; ...} # cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/images.confserver { listen 80; server_name images.example.com; #charset koi8-r; access_log /var/log/nginx/images.access.log main; location / { root /www/images; index index.html index.htm; } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root /usr/share/nginx/html; } # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ \.php$ { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # #location ~ \.php$ { # root html; # fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # fastcgi_index index.php; # fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name; # include fastcgi_params; #} # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one # #location ~ /\.ht { # deny all; #}} 绑定多个域名
server_name images.example.com img1.example.com img2.example.com;
使用通配符匹配
server_name *.example.comserver_name www.*;
正则匹配
server_name ~^(.+)\.example\.com$;server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$;
mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl
cp your_ssl_certificate to /etc/nginx/ssl
# HTTPS server#server { listen 443; server_name localhost; root html; index index.html index.htm; ssl on; #ssl_certificate cert.pem; ssl_certificate ssl/example.com.pem; ssl_certificate_key ssl/example.com.key; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1; ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv3:+EXP; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html; }} configtest
$ sudo service nginx configtestTesting nginx configuration: nginx.
443 port test
$ openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443
匹配所有域名
server_name _;
泛解析主机
server { listen 80; server_name example.org www.example.org; ...}server { listen 80; server_name *.example.org; ...}server { listen 80; server_name mail.*; ...}server { listen 80; server_name ~^(? .+)\.example\.net$; ...} 为每个host创建一个目录太麻烦，
server { listen 80; server_name www.netkiller.cn news.netkiller.cn bbs.netkiller.cn; charset utf-8; access_log /var/log/nginx/test.access.log main; location / { root /www/netkiller.cn/$host; index index.html index.htm; }} 处理主机名中的域
server { listen 80; server_name *.example.com example.com; if ($host = 'example.com' ) { rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent; } if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) { set $subdomain $1; set $domain $2.$3; } root /www/$domain/$subdomain; index index.html index.php; location ~ .*\.(php|shtml)?$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; include fcgi.conf; }} 或者采用这种格式 /www/example.com/www.example.com
root /www/$domain/$host;
更简洁的方法，只需在 /www/下面创建 域名目录即可例如/www/www.example.com
server { listen 80; server_name *.example.com example.com; if ($host = 'example.com' ) { rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent; } root /www/$host; index index.html index.php; location ~ .*\.(php|shtml)?$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; include fcgi.conf; }} location / { root /www; index index.html index.htm; } location ~ ^/(config|include)/ { deny all; break; } 引用document_root之外的资源
location / { root /www/example.com/m.example.com; try_files $uri $uri/ @proxy; } location ^~ /module/ { root /www/example.com/www.example.com; } # 下面的写法是错误的，通过error_log 我们可以看到被定为到/www/example.com/m.example.com/module location /module/ { root /www/example.com/www.example.com; } expires 格式
例 46.1. Expires Examples
expires 1 January, 1970, 00:00:01 GMT;expires 60s;expires 30m;expires 24h;expires 1d;expires max;expires off;expires 24h;expires modified +24h;expires @15h30m;expires 0;expires -1;expires epoch;add_header Cache-Control private;
注意：expires仅仅适用于200, 204, 301, 302,304
单个文件匹配
location ~* \.css$ { expires 30d; } 扩展名匹配
#图片类资源缓存5天，并且不记录请求日志location ~ .*\.(ico|gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)${ expires 5d; access_log off;}#css/js 缓存一天，不记录请求日志location ~ .*\.(js|css)${ access_log off; expires 1d; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "public";} location ~ .*\.(htm|html|gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|ioc|rar|zip|txt|flv|mid|doc|ppt|pdf|xls|mp3|wma)${ expires 30d;}location ~ .*\.(js|css)${ expires 1h;} location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ { if (-f $request_filename) { expires 1h; break; }}location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|ico)$ { expires max;}#cache control: all statics are cacheable for 24 hourslocation / { if ($request_uri ~* \.(ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$) { expires 72h; break; }} 例 46.2. nginx expires
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|ico)$ { expires 1d; access_log off;}location ~ .*\.(js|css)$ { expires 1d; access_log off;}location ~ .*\.(html|htm)${ expires 1d; access_log off;} add_header 实例
location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$ { expires 30d; add_header Pragma public; add_header Cache-Control "public";} more_set_headers 实例
location ~ \.(ico|pdf|flv|jp?g|png|gif|js|css|webp|swf)(\.gz)?(\?.*)?$ { more_set_headers 'Cache-Control: max-age=86400'; ... proxy_cache_valid 200 2592000; ...} s-maxage 作用于 Proxy
location ~ \.(ico|pdf|flv|jp?g|png|gif|js|css|webp|swf)(\.gz)?(\?.*)?$ { more_set_headers 'Cache-Control: s-maxage=86400';} if ($request_uri ~* "\.(ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)\?[0-9]+$") { expires max; break;} 下面例子是缓存 /detail/html/5/4/321035.html， 但排除 /detail/html/5/4/0.html
if ($request_uri ~ ^/detail/html/[0-9]+/[0-9]/[^0][0-9]+\.html ) { expires 1d;} if (-f $request_filename) { expires 1d; } #防止access文件被下载location ~ /\.ht { deny all;} location ~ ^/upload/.*\.php${ deny all;}location ~ ^/static/images/.*\.php${ deny all;} location ~ /\.ht { deny all;}location ~ .*\.(sqlite|sq3)$ { deny all;} IP 地址
location / { deny 192.168.0.1; allow 192.168.1.0/24; allow 10.1.1.0/16; allow 2001:0db8::/32; deny all;} 限制IP访问*.php文件
location ~ ^/private/.*\.php${ allow 222.222.22.35; allow 192.168.1.0/249; deny all;} 开启目录浏览
# vim /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/defaultlocation / { autoindex on;} # /etc/init.d/nginx reloadReloading nginx configuration: nginx.
server { listen 80; server_name www.example.com example.com; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?/$request_uri; } location /example { alias /www/example/; index index.php index.html; } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root /usr/share/nginx/html; } location ~ \.php$ { root html; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /www/example$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } location ~ /\.ht { deny all; }} # 相关页面设置Cache-Control头信息
if ($request_uri ~* "^/$|^/news/.+/|^/info/.+/") { add_header Cache-Control max-age=3600; } if ($request_uri ~* "^/suggest/|^/categories/") { add_header Cache-Control max-age=86400; } add_header Nginx-Cache "HIT from www.example.com";oradd_header Nginx-Cache "$upstream_cache_status from www.example.com";
location ~* \.(eot|ttf|woff)$ { add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;}location /js/ {add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin https://www.mydomain.com/;add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods GET,OPTIONS;add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers *;} location / { if ($request_method = OPTIONS ) { add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "http://example.com"; add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods "GET, OPTIONS"; add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers "Authorization"; add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true"; add_header Content-Length 0; add_header Content-Type text/plain; return 200; }} 创建自颁发证书，SSL有两种证书模式，单向认证和双向认证，下面是单向认证模式。
mkdir /etc/nginx/sslcd /etc/nginx/sslopenssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key -out /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.crtGenerating a 4096 bit RSA private key..........++..............................................++writing new private key to '/etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key'-----You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporatedinto your certificate request.What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blankFor some fields there will be a default value,If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.-----Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CNState or Province Name (full name) []:GuangdongLocality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ShenzhenOrganization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:CFOrganizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:CFCommon Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cnEmail Address []:netkiller@msn.com
注意: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cn 要跟你的 nginx server_name api.netkiller.cn 一样。
Nginx 配置 spdy
upstream api.netkiller.cn { #server api1.netkiller.cn:7000; #server api2.netkiller.cn backup;}server { listen 443 ssl spdy; server_name api.netkiller.cn; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key; ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:20m; ssl_session_timeout 60m; ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; charset utf-8; access_log /var/log/nginx/api.netkiller.cn.access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/api.netkiller.cn.error.log; location / { proxy_pass http://api.netkiller.cn; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_ignore_client_abort on; } #location / { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:7000; #}} spdy 是google提出的标准，现在已经归入 http2 标准，Nginx 1.10 之后建议使用 http2 替代 spdy.
server { listen 443 ssl http2; ssl_certificate server.crt; ssl_certificate_key server.key;} 497 - normal request was sent to HTTPS
#让http请求重定向到https请求 server { listen 80; error_page 497 https://$host$uri?$args; rewrite ^(.*)$ https://$host$1 permanent;} server { listen 80 listen 443 ssl http2; ssl_certificate server.crt; ssl_certificate_key server.key; error_page 497 https://$host$uri?$args; if ($scheme = http) { return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri; }} touch /etc/pki/CA/index.txtecho 00 > /etc/pki/CA/serial 制作 CA 私钥openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048制作 CA 根证书（公钥）openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key ca.key -out ca.crt
服务器端证书
制作服务端私钥openssl genrsa -out server.pem 2048openssl rsa -in server.pem -out server.key生成签发请求openssl req -new -key server.pem -out server.csr 用 CA 签发openssl x509 -req -sha256 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -out server.crt
生成客户端证书
openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 2048openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr 生成签发请求openssl req -new -key server.pem -out server.csr 用 CA 签发openssl ca -in client.csr -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key -out client.crt -days 3650
生成浏览器证书
openssl pkcs12 -export -inkey client.key -in client.crt -out client.pfx
cat client.crt client.key > soap.pem
$header = array( 'local_cert' => "soap.pem", //client.pem文件路径 'passphrase' => "passw0rd" //client证书密码 ); $client = new SoapClient(FILE_WSDL, $header);
例 46.3. Nginx SSL 双向认证，证书生成过程
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus...................................................+++......................................+++e is 65537 (0x10001)root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key ca.key -out ca.crtYou are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporatedinto your certificate request.What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blankFor some fields there will be a default value,If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.-----Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CNState or Province Name (full name) []:GDLocality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ShenzhenOrganization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:GWOrganizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:DEVCommon Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cnEmail Address []:netkiller@msn.com
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl genrsa -out server.pem 2048Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus.............+++........................................................+++e is 65537 (0x10001) root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl rsa -in server.pem -out server.keywriting RSA keyroot@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl req -new -key server.pem -out server.csrYou are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporatedinto your certificate request.What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blankFor some fields there will be a default value,If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.-----Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CNState or Province Name (full name) []:GDLocality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:ShenzhenOrganization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:GWOrganizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:DEVCommon Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cnEmail Address []:netkiller@msn.comPlease enter the following 'extra' attributesto be sent with your certificate requestA challenge password []:An optional company name []:root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl x509 -req -sha256 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -out server.crtSignature oksubject=/C=CN/ST=GD/L=Shenzhen/O=GW/OU=DEV/CN=api.netkiller.cn/emailAddress=netkiller@msn.comGetting CA Private Key
mkdir /etc/nginx/sslcp server.crt server.key ca.crt /etc/nginx/sslcd /etc/nginx/ssl
/etc/nginx/conf.d/api.netkiller.cn.conf
server { listen 443 ssl; server_name api.netkiller.cn; access_log off; ssl on; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/server.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/server.key; ssl_client_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/ca.crt; ssl_verify_client on; location / { proxy_pass http://localhost:8443; }} 重启 nginx 服务器
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx % systemctl restart nginx
首先直接请求
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx % curl -k https://api.netkiller.cn/400 No required SSL certificate was sent 400 Bad Request
No required SSL certificate was sent
nginx
使用证书请求
curl --insecure --key client.key --cert ./client.crt:123456 https://api.netkiller.cn
注意： --cert 参数需要写入路径和密码
Rewrite Flagslast - 基本上都用这个Flag。break - 中止Rewirte，不在继续匹配redirect - 返回临时重定向的HTTP状态302permanent - 返回永久重定向的HTTP状态301文件及目录匹配，其中：-f和!-f用来判断是否存在文件-d和!-d用来判断是否存在目录-e和!-e用来判断是否存在文件或目录-x和!-x用来判断文件是否可执行正则表达式全部符号解释~ 为区分大小写匹配~* 为不区分大小写匹配!~和!~* 分别为区分大小写不匹配及不区分大小写不匹配(pattern) 匹配 pattern 并获取这一匹配。所获取的匹配可以从产生的 Matches 集合得到，在VBScript 中使用 SubMatches 集合，在JScript 中则使用 $0…$9 属性。要匹配圆括号字符，请使用 ‘\(’ 或 ‘\)’。^ 匹配输入字符串的开始位置。$ 匹配输入字符串的结束位置。
server { listen 80; server_name www.example.com example.com ; if ($host = "example.com" ) { rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent; } if ($host != "www.example.com" ) { rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent; }} location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ { if (!-f $request_filename){ rewrite /(.*) http://images.example.com/$1; }} if ($host ~ '(.*)\.static\.example\.com' ) { set $subdomain $1; rewrite "^/(.*)$" /$subdomain/$1;} 需求如下
原理地址：http://www.netkiller.cn/redirect/index.html?skuid=133目的地址：http://www.netkiller.cn/to/133.html
注意：nginx rewrite 并不支持http get 参数处理，也就是说“?”之后的内容rewrite根部获取不到。
下面的例子是行不通的
rewrite ^/redirect/index\.html\?skuid=(\d+)$ /to/$1.html permanent ;
我们需要通过正在查出参数，然后赋值一个变量，再将变量传递给rewrite。具体做法是：
server { listen 80; server_name www.netkiller.cn; #charset koi8-r; access_log /var/log/nginx/test.access.log main; location / { root /www/test; index index.html; if ($request_uri ~* "^/redirect/index\.html\?skuid=([0-9]+)$") { set $argv1 $1; rewrite .* /to/$argv1.html? permanent; } }} 测试结果
[neo@netkiller conf.d]$ curl -I http://www.netkiller.cn/redirect/index.html?skuid=133HTTP/1.1 301 Moved PermanentlyServer: nginxDate: Tue, 12 Apr 2016 06:59:33 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 178Location: http://www.netkiller.cn/to/133.htmlConnection: keep-alive
需求如下，除了2015年保留，其他所有页面重定向到新页面
rewrite ^/promotion/(?!2015\/)(.*) https://www.netkiller.cn/promotion.html permanent;
http { upstream myapp1 { server srv1.example.com; server srv2.example.com; server srv3.example.com; } server { listen 80; location / { proxy_pass http://myapp1; } }} upstream myapp1 { server srv1.example.com weight=3; server srv2.example.com; server srv3.example.com; } upstream backend { server backend1.example.com weight=5; server backend2.example.com:8080; server unix:/tmp/backend3; server backup1.example.com:8080 backup; server backup2.example.com:8080 backup;}server { location / { proxy_pass http://backend; }} config php fastcgi
sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default location ~ \.php$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } Spawn-fcgi
We still need a script to start our fast cgi processes. We will extract one from Lighttpd. and then disable start script of lighttpd
$ sudo apt-get install lighttpd$ sudo chmod -x /etc/init.d/lighttpd
$ sudo touch /usr/bin/php-fastcgi$ sudo vim /usr/bin/php-fastcgi#!/bin/sh/usr/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 9000 -u www-data -f /usr/bin/php5-cgi
fastcgi daemon
$ sudo touch /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi$ sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/php-fastcgi$ sudo vim /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgiThis is also a new empty file, add the following and save:#!/bin/bashPHP_SCRIPT=/usr/bin/php-fastcgiRETVAL=0case "$1" instart)$PHP_SCRIPTRETVAL=$?;;stop)killall -9 phpRETVAL=$?;;restart)killall -9 php$PHP_SCRIPTRETVAL=$?;;*)echo "Usage: nginx-fastcgi {start|stop|restart}"exit 1;;esacexit $RETVALWe need to change some permissions to make this all work.$ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi create a test file
sudo vim /var/www/nginx-default/index.php
sudo apt-get install php5-cli php5-cgi php5-fpm
/etc/init.d/php5-fpm start
./configure --prefix=/srv/php-5.3.8 \--with-config-file-path=/srv/php-5.3.8/etc \--with-config-file-scan-dir=/srv/php-5.3.8/etc/conf.d \--enable-fpm \--with-fpm-user=www \--with-fpm-group=www \--with-pear \--with-curl \--with-gd \--with-jpeg-dir \--with-png-dir \--with-freetype-dir \--with-xpm-dir \--with-iconv \--with-mcrypt \--with-mhash \--with-zlib \--with-xmlrpc \--with-xsl \--with-openssl \--with-mysql=/srv/mysql-5.5.16-linux2.6-i686 \--with-mysqli=/srv/mysql-5.5.16-linux2.6-i686/bin/mysql_config \--with-pdo-mysql=/srv/mysql-5.5.16-linux2.6-i686 \--with-sqlite=shared \--with-pdo-sqlite=shared \--disable-debug \--enable-zip \--enable-sockets \--enable-soap \--enable-mbstring \--enable-magic-quotes \--enable-inline-optimization \--enable-gd-native-ttf \--enable-xml \--enable-ftp \--enable-exif \--enable-wddx \--enable-bcmath \--enable-calendar \--enable-sqlite-utf8 \--enable-shmop \--enable-dba \--enable-sysvsem \--enable-sysvshm \--enable-sysvmsgmake && make install
如果出现 fpm 编译错误，取消--with-mcrypt 可以编译成功。
# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm# chmod 755 /etc/init.d/php-fpm# ln -s /srv/php-5.3.5 /srv/php# cp /srv/php/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /srv/php/etc/php-fpm.conf# cp php.ini-production /srv/php/etc/php.ini
groupadd -g 80 wwwadduser -o --home /www --uid 80 --gid 80 -c "Web User" www
php-fpm.conf
# grep -v ';' /srv/php-5.3.5/etc/php-fpm.conf | grep -v "^$"[global]pid = run/php-fpm.piderror_log = log/php-fpm.log[www]listen = 127.0.0.1:9000user = wwwgroup = wwwpm = dynamicpm.max_children = 2048pm.start_servers = 20pm.min_spare_servers = 5pm.max_spare_servers = 35pm.max_requests = 500
chkconfig --add php-fpm
location /nginx_status { stub_status on; access_log off; allow 202.82.21.12; deny all; } location ~ ^/(status|ping)$ { access_log off; allow 202.82.21.12; deny all; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } location ~ ^(.+\.php)(.*)$ { fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(.*)$; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info; fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_path_info; include fastcgi_params; } Unix Socket
location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$ { #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_pass unix:/dev/shm/php-fpm.sock; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi.conf;} 301 跳转
server { listen 80; server_name m.example.com; location / { return 301 $scheme://www.example.com$request_uri; }}server { listen 80; listen 443 ssl; server_name www.old-name.com; return 301 $scheme://www.new-name.com$request_uri;} 可用的全局变量
$args$content_length$content_type$document_root$document_uri$host$http_user_agent$http_cookie$http_referer$limit_rate$request_body_file$request_method$remote_addr$remote_port$remote_user$request_filename$request_uri$query_string$scheme$server_protocol$server_addr$server_name$server_port$uri
抽取域名中的域，例如www.netkiller.cn 返回netkiller.cn
if ($host ~* ^www\.(.*)) { set $domain $1; rewrite ^(.*) http://user.$domain permanent;} 提取主机
if ($host ~* ^(.+)\.example\.com$) { set $subdomain $1; rewrite ^(.*) http://www.example.com/$subdomain permanent;} 提取 domain 例如 www.netkiller.cn 提取后 netkiller.cn
只处理二级域名 example.com 不处理三级域名
if ($host ~* ^([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)$) { set $domain $1.$2; } 处理三级域名
set $domain $host; if ($host ~* ^([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)$) { set $domain $2.$3; } ## Block http user agent - wget ##if ($http_user_agent ~* (Wget|Curl) ) { return 403;}## Block Software download user agents ##if ($http_user_agent ~* LWP::Simple|BBBike|wget) { return 403;}if ($http_user_agent ~ (msnbot|scrapbot) ) { return 403;}if ($http_user_agent ~ (Spider|Robot) ) { return 403;}if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) { rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break;} 禁止非浏览器访问
if ($http_user_agent ~ ^$) { return 412;} 测试是否生效
tail -f /var/log/nginx/www.mydomain.com.access.log
telnet 192.168.2.10 80GET /index.html HTTP/1.0Host: www.mydomain.com
if ($http_user_agent = "") { return 403; } 验证测试，首先使用curl -A 指定一个 空的User Agent，应该返回 403.
curl -A "" http://www.example.com/xml/data.json403 Forbidden 403 Forbidden
nginx
if ($http_referer ~* "PHP/5.2.14"){return 403;} valid_referers none blocked *.example.com example.com;if ($invalid_referer) { #rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/cn/$1; return 403;} location / { root /www/mydomain.com/info.mydomain.com; index index.html; rewrite ^/$ http://www.mydomain.com/; valid_referers none blocked *.mydomain.com; if ($invalid_referer) { return 403; } proxy_intercept_errors on; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_set_header Host $host; if (!-f $request_filename) { proxy_pass http://old.mydomain.com; break; } } server { listen 80; server_name quote.mydomain.com; charset utf-8; access_log /var/log/nginx/quote.mydomain.com.access.log main; location / { root /www/mydomain.com/info.mydomain.com; index index.html ; rewrite ^/$ http://www.mydomain.com/; valid_referers none blocked *.mydomain.com; if ($invalid_referer) { #rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.mydomain.com/cn/$1; return 403; } proxy_intercept_errors on; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_set_header Host $host; if ( $request_uri ~ "^/xml/(sge|cgse|futures|stock|bonds)\.xml$") { proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/$request_uri; break; } if (!-f $request_filename) { proxy_pass http://cms.mydomain.com; break; } } location ~ \.xml$ { proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/public/datas$request_uri; break; } location ~* ^/public/datas/\w+\.xml$ { proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/$request_uri; break; }} #add for yiiframework if (!-e $request_filename){ rewrite (.*) /index.php break; } location ~ .*\.php?$ { #fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock; include fcgi.conf; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:10080; fastcgi_index index.php; set $path_info $request_uri; if ($request_uri ~ "^(.*)(\?.*)$") { set $path_info $1; } fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info; }#end for yiiframework location /name/(match) { if ($remote_addr !~ ^10.10.20) { limit_rate 10k; } proxy_buffering off; proxy_pass http://10.10.20.1/${1}.html;}if ($remote_addr ~* "192.168.0.50|192.168.0.51|192.168.0.56") { proxy_pass http://www.netkiller.cn/error;} location ~ /(\d+) { if ($remote_addr ~ (\d+)\.\d+\.) { } echo $1;} $ curl 127.0.0.1/134127$ curl 192.168.0.1/134192
if ($http_cookie ~* "id=([^;]+)(?:;|$)") { set $id $1;} location ~* /restful { if ($request_method = PUT ) { return 403; } if ($request_method = DELETE ) { return 403; } if ($request_method = POST ) { return 403; } proxy_method GET; proxy_pass http://backend;} if ($request_method = POST) { return 405;} if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) { return 403;} limit_except GET { allow 192.168.1.1; deny all;} if ($invalid_referer) { return 403;} 将 POST 数据记录到日志中
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" - "$request_body"';
注意：用户登录通常使用POST方式，所以记录POST数据到日志会带来安全问题，例如用户密码泄露。
因为nginx 使用 url 作为缓存的key ( Nginx 将url地址 md5后作为缓存的 key )，所以默认情况下 Nginx 只能处理 HTTP GET 缓存。
对于 HTTP POST 请求，提交数据放在HTTP Head 头部提交到服务器的， 提交前后URL始终不变，Nginx 无法区分相同网址两次请求的内容有变化。
但是我们可以自定义 缓存 key 例如： "$request_uri|$request_body" 我们将请求地址加上post内容作为缓存的key，这样nginx 便可以区分每次提交后的页面变化。
proxy_cache_path /tmp/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=netkiller:128m inactive=1m; server { listen 8080; server_name localhost; location / { try_files $uri @backend; } location @backend { proxy_pass http://node1.netkiller.cn:8080; proxy_cache netkiller; proxy_cache_methods POST; proxy_cache_key "$request_uri|$request_body"; proxy_buffers 8 32k; proxy_buffer_size 64k; proxy_cache_valid 5s; proxy_cache_use_stale updating; add_header X-Cached $upstream_cache_status; } } if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) { set $subdomain $1;}location / { root /www/$subdomain; index index.html index.php;} if ( $host ~* (\b(?!www\b)\w+)\.\w+\.\w+ ) { set $subdomain /$1;}location / { root /www/public_html$subdomain; index index.html index.php;} 判断相等
if ($query_string = "") { set $args "";} 正则匹配
if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) { set $subdomain $1;}location / { root /var/www/$subdomain; index index.html index.php;} if ($remote_addr ~ "^(172.16|192.168)" && $http_user_agent ~* "spider") { return 403;}set $flag 0;if ($remote_addr ~ "^(172.16|192.168)") { set $flag "1";}if ($http_user_agent ~* "spider") { set $flag "1";}if ($flag = "1") { return 403;} if ($request_method = POST ) { return 405;}if ($args ~ post=140){ rewrite ^ http://example.com/ permanent;} location /only-one-if { set $true 1; if ($true) { add_header X-First 1; } if ($true) { add_header X-Second 2; } return 204;} 原文出处：Netkiller 系列 手札
本文作者：陈景峯 转载请与作者联系，同时请务必标明文章原始出处和作者信息及本声明。